Last Imperial Dynasty of China (1644-1912)
The Qing Dynasty (officially the Great Qing) ruled China for nearly 270 years. It was established by Manchus, people of Northeast Asia, early in the 17th century. However, it became dominant in 1644 when the Manchus, having claimed the Mandate of Heaven, conquered Beijing from the preceding Ming Dynasty, and the first emperor, Shunzhi, took power.
Expansion & Cultural Flourishing
The Qing Dynasty expanded into vast regions like Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia. This era also saw considerable economic growth, population increase, and cultural flourishing. As a foreign dynasty in a Han-majority country, the Manchu-led Qing were able to assimilate diverse populations and create a multi-ethnic empire encompassing different religions, languages, and traditions. The Qing proved themselves great patrons of art and invested in culture and trade.
Decline in the 19th Century
The later Qing period was marked by internal rebellions (notably the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions) and increasing pressure from Western powers. The Opium Wars highlighted China’s military and technological weaknesses and led to territorial concessions (like Hong Kong to Britain), the opening of ports to foreign trade, and unequal treaties that furthered a sentiment of oppression and injustice.
The Revolution of 1911 and the Final Qing Emperor
Facing widespread discontent and unable to effectively “modernize” and resist foreign powers, the Qing Dynasty was ultimately overthrown by the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, leading to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated in 1912.
