From empires to modern unions, explore European history's pivotal events that shaped a continent rich in heritage, culture, and global impact.
In 1431, Joan of Arc, the young rebel who helped Charles VII claim the French throne, was executed as a heretic. Why?
In the 16th century, Spain conquered vast areas of the Americas. Leaders in this conquest were the conquistadores.
How did Portugal, a small Christian kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, help reshape global trade?
Why did Napoleon emerge victorious at the Battle of Austerlitz and succumb to defeat at Waterloo a decade later?
Today, English is the world’s primary language. Yet for almost three centuries, French was the world’s dominant lingua franca. Let’s see why.
Pope Leo X spent extravagantly on monumental building projects and art, some financed with Indulgences, leaving a bankrupt Vatican and a Reformation in full swing.
Pauline Bonaparte, Napoleon's beloved sister, shocked high society by posing nude for sculptor Antonio Canova, cementing her status as a pioneering fashion icon.
A devastating event in Irish history, the Potato Famine altered the course of the Emerald Isle forever.